Synopsis Paper on Dark Matter started 26 August 2022 as a briefer version of a longer paper (7 pages) from February 2022
In 2019 I read papers by Chinese astronomers and also from Durham University which demonstrated that whereas dark matter was causing outer regions of spiral and elliptical galaxies to spin far more rapidly than the laws of Newton predicted by more than a factor of ten, it had also recently been confirmed that observations of spherical globular cluster galaxies indicated no anomalous such behaviour, and thus no presence of dark matter. I then applied this information to reinforce a hypothesis I had written in 2010 to explain dark matter as a gravitational effect. Put very simply the latter conjectured that the gravitational effect of many stars in a relatively flat plane surrounding a black hole at the centre of spiral galaxy such as our own Milky Way, would possibly cause an increased internal gravitational effect across that plane, but not at right angle thereto.

This would enhance the force of attraction between the stars in that flat plane which might in turn cause such a spiral flat galaxy to spin faster than it would otherwise be predicted by Newton’s Mean square law. However, my lack of mathematical ability did not allow me to provide any mathematical proof to support such a notion.

I had also conjectured in an earlier 2010 paper, that if the universe might be regarded as closed and finite as a sphere expanding outwards at light speed, then the mass/energy of those star systems close to the rapidly expanding rim of the universe would be moving at close to light velocity. I was aware that the more favoured version for the universe was for it to be flat and infinite, although the I preferred the spherical version being most easily visualised and one of the three alternatives generally accepted to be the most likely candidates according to the FLRW model, with the third as a hyperbolic structure being harder to conceive.

To observers such as ourselves on Earth much further within the universe, then the mass/energy of these peripheral star systems would be huge due to the Lorentz transformation, thus enhancing their gravitational effect. The latter would be acting in all directions from the sphere’s periphery, but in equilibrium and to possibly form a basis of explanation for the inertia of mass.

If so, then the combined increase in the mass of nearby stars systems in the plane of a flat spiral galaxy might be added to this inertial effect caused by the exterior star systems otherwise balanced in all directions, which would then cause this anomalous increase rotational velocity, otherwise known as dark matter. Lacking resources of publication as a more acceptable peer reviewed paper, an early paper to this effect was placed on academia.edu and also ResearchGate in about 2016, causing little comment, not too surprisingly. The intention of the paper was to show how dark matter was a gravitational effect and had little or nothing to do with the conjectured dark particles favoured by the great majority of cosmologists.

As to the possibly questionable assumption that the universe was a closed and finite sphere expanding out at light speed, this was assisted by the Absorber theory of Feynman and Wheeler from 1945 in which they made the assumption that the universe was opaque, in other words closed and finite. This was to present their proof to show how EM radiation could be considered as a symmetrical effect, whereas currently it appears to be only retarded or out going, and thus an unsatisfactory concept to physicists to whom symmetry is a crucial concept. This proof also demonstrated that EM radiation was transmitted non locally, and in which I had formed a vested interest in order to show memory might be based on a quantum entanglement effect over space and time, but this is a separate issue, not to be described here.

In such a scenario, the Lorentz transformation effect of all these star systems expanding out at near light speed close to the singular rim of the universe, could be shown to a cause of not only dark matter as indicated above, but also with a fascinating insight as to the operation of gravitation generally, together with that of inertia. For instance, in such a closed and finite universe, each particle of mass will exert some degree of attraction on every other in existence, which in turn would be a basis of explanation of Mach’s principle. The latter has never been satisfactorily explained or understood (see the eleven different alternative versions scheduled in Wikipedia), but which undeniably exists and can be tersely summarised : “When the subway jerks, it’s the fixed stars that throw you down.”

The above scenario would seem to account for the exercise of gravitational attraction in geometric terms in such a closed universe, although we now know since 1998 (and a Nobel in 2011) that the universe is not just expanding but also at an increasing rate of expansion. It occurred to me in about 2018, that if gravitation might possibly be regarded as a repulsive rather than an attractive force, then that would also present a very simple answer to the serious problem of Dark energy which must exist to cause this acceleration of this expansion. It was obvious on an astral scale that the circulation of planets around stars could not be accounted for without gravitation as an attractive effect, until it suddenly occurred to me that there was a similarity here to the effect of blanketing in the case of transmission of the rate of numbers of photons in EM radiation to a receiving source.

If a conducting material is inserted in the path of such a transmission, the number of photons received is much reduced, so that possibly by the same rationale, the large mass of a star could blanket or shield the exterior rim’s repulsive gravitational effect on a smaller planet in its proximity. If the latter were already in motion, it would tend to start to rotate around the larger mass of the star. As I had already conjectured, the mass energy of all the star systems expanding out at near light speed close to the spherical rim of the universe would have a vast effect on smaller star systems as an inward forcing effect, albeit in equilibrium from the surrounding outer sphere in all directions. Furthermore, the whole system would be expanding outwards from the repulsive tendency of the latter’s enhanced relativistic mass energy, to represent dark energy. Such a scenario seemed not too hard to visualise mentally, with the added advantage of being remarkably uncomplicated. It seemed so simple to me initially that I did not take it at all seriously until 2021, when I was reminding myself about the observable universe.
Since the universe is known to be expanding, there is a spherical shaped region surrounding the Earth which is limited due to the EM radiation from any visible objects which must have had the time to reach the solar system since the beginning of the cosmological expansion.  No signal can travel faster than light, hence there is a maximum distance beyond which nothing can be detected, as the signals could not have reached us yet. This comprises the observable universe.

Since we can never have any experience, by definition and in fact, beyond the limit of our observable universe, this forces the conclusion that for us the universe can only be spherical and expanding out at light speed. Recalling that such a scenario was in synch with the Absorber theory produced in 1945 by two of the 20th centuries most eminent physicists, I was encouraged to take the matter further. I placed two papers on academia.edu to this effect, one of which also contained a section on the correlation between the passage of time and the expansion of the universe, the contents of which are not included here in the interests of brevity and as a very different, albeit connected subject.

However, in late 2021 I learned of the prospective launch of the James Webb Space telescope, and it immediately occurred to me that such a device was likely to have the capability to ascertain a great deal more about the composition and structure of the universe. In which case, I was enthused at the prospect of the perplexing problem of dark matter being resolved, and if it transpired to be shown to be a gravitational effect rather than particles, then maybe my conjecture might have more relevance and be considered in more depth. In the last week of August 2022, I read about the results of observations from the JWST indicating the universe were possibly much older that the current estimated time scale for the start of the big bang, in which case the generally accepted beliefs of current cosmology are at risk of being shown to be awry.

At the time of writing, nothing is at all sure and doubtless will take months yet to become clearer, but I am encouraged now to consider that the chances of observations from the JWST might be capable of resolving dark matter, and in the process, this should clarify some very necessary further understanding and on the nature of gravitation. We may know with force what matter is attracted to other matter depending on their mass and distance apart, but we have no idea why mass attracts other mass, other than it just does. If we manage initially to understand more about gravitation, then we might then be more able to rationalise the intricacies and more fundamental mysteries of the quantum world for which our understanding is still far too uncertain. This is why some answers here that could possibly be provided by the JWST might well start to resolve a few of the major unknowns, and why I assume NASA has been allowed to invest $1 billion in such a risk fraught project.

Oman K.— 19 newly discovered Dwarf Galaxies, Astrophysical journal letters 25/09/19
Qi Guo, Zheng et al — Further evidence for a population of dark matter deficient dwarf galaxies, letter published 25/11/19, Nature Astronomy, 25th November 2020
Friedmann, A. —Zeitschrift fur Physik, Vol2 21, 1924
Mach, E.— The Science of mechanics, The Open Court Publishing Company 1893
Mach. E. — History and the root of the Conservation of Energy, Open Court, 1910.
Wheeler, J & Feynman, R — Interaction with the Absorber, Rev Modern Physics 17, 157-161 1945.
Brans C. & Dicke R.— Mach’s Principle and a Relativistic Theory of Gravitation, Physical Review, 1921
Sciama, D. — On the Origin of Inertia, Royal astronomical Society Notices, 1953
Greaves, N.G. —Correlation of information across space and time to explain memory via Quantum Entanglement, Academia.edu, 2018
Hossenfelder- S . Is dark matter real? 07/10/21

27/08/22
Nick Greaves